Notes Nursing & Medical students

  NOTES NURSING & MEDICAL STUDENTS Notes for medical student and nursing student GALL BLADDER :- -  introduction  :- - it is pear shaped recerving of bile situated in fossa on the inferior suefaces of right lobe of liver . -the gall bladder is  7 to 10 cm long and 3 cm broad . - the capacity of gall bladder is 30 - 50 ml .                                                part of gall bladder :- 1) fundus :-  2) body :-  3) neck :-  1)  fundas  :-  - the fundas of gall bladder project beyond inferior surfaces of liver . 2)  body  :- the body of gall bladder present in the fosa of the liver . 3)  neck  :-  - it is the situated to the systic duct which carry the bile from bladder to bilary duct . 4)cystic duct :-  -  is the 3 to 4 cm long it begins the neck of gall bladder and various and run's downward to the common hepatic duct . structure of gall bladder :- -  it is the three layer's of tiisuse that :-  1) peritonium :-  2) muscular :-  3)mucus membrane :-  blood supply :- 1)

NOTES NURSING & MEDICAL STUDENTS Notes for medical student and nursing student   PANCREAS :- introduction :-  -it is capital J shaped structure it is a pale gary gland veing about 60 gram . - it is 50 to 20 cm long . - it situated in epigastric and left hypocondriac rigion . - it is a gland  that is partly secrete pancreas acidic juice . - endocrine part of pancreas hormone that is insulene .                                       External features of pancreas :-  1 ) head of pancreas  2) neck of pancreas  3) body of pancreas  4) tail of pancreas  5) duct of pancreas  1) head of pancreas :- -the head is enlarged and lies within the C shaped curve of bed . 2) neak of pancreas :-  -it is slightly constricted past which is presend between head and body of pancreas . - it is directed forward & backward  it consist two surfaces :- a) anterior - b) posterior - 3) body of pancreas :-  -the body of pancreas is elongated from neck to tail of pancreas and it is reconize easily becouse of

  NOTES NURSING & MEDICAL STUDENTS Notes for medical student and nursing student WBC :-     ( white blood cell )  - white blood cell or leucocyte are colourless & nucleated element of blood . - as compare to RBC the WBC are large in size & lesser in number & role in define . -mechanism of body & protect the body feom inbading microorganism by acting shoulder .                                         classification of WBC :- -some of the wbc having granule in the cytoplasm based on opresence & absence of granules it classified into two types :-  1) Granulocyte :-  2) Agranulocyte :-  1) granulocyte :- -depending upon the stainig properite of granule the granulocyte are classified three type :- a) Acidophil :-  - neutrophil with granule , taking both acidic or basic stain . b) basophil :-  - it take acidic stain . c ) neutrophil :-  - it take basic stain . 2) Agranulocytes :- - the agranulocyte have plan cytoplasm without granules . it having two type - a) mon

  NOTES NURSING & MEDICAL STUDENTS Notes for medical student and nursing student C ell:- -all living things are composed of cell . -a single cell is a smallest unit that has the characteristics of the life . -cell is the basic structure  & functional unit of the body .                                          structure of cell :- -the cell is made up of three main part's :- 1) cell membrane  2) cytoplasm  3) nucleus  cell membrane :- -cell membrane is a protective sheet that enveloping the cell body it is aslo known  as plasa membrane or plasamalema . - it is made up by double leyar of phospholipids which is having a molecules of sugar and protein. -this membrane seprate the fluid outside of the cell fluid ( ECF)  and fluid present inside the the cell called as intra cellular fluid ( ICF )  - this membrane is semipermeable membrane so there is free exchage of cartan subtance between ICF to ECF . -the thickness of the cell membrane is is 75 to 111 amphere . composion of cell

  MEDIASTINUM :-   introduction :- - it is a fibrous midline partition b/w two lungs and pleural cavities . -it contains heart , blood vessels , nerve and trachea  .                                                                                            Boundaries  :- Anterior - sternum Posterior - T 5 to T 12 vertebrae  superior - inlet of thorax bounded by 1 st ribs . medial - manubrium & T1 vertebra  Inferior - Diaphragm m kilo 0n Lateral - mediastinal pleura  Subdivision of mediastinum :- -mediastinum is divided into superior and inferior by a imaginary line passing through sternal angle and 14 vertebra . inferior mediastinum is subdivided into anterior middle a posterior part by heart with pericardium . 1) superior mediastinum :-  - it is the upper part of mediastinum  Boundaries :- anterior:- manubrium sternum  posterior :- T1 to T4 vertebra  superior :- inlet of thorax  inferior :- imaginary plane through T4  lateral :- mediastinum pleura  Contents :-  1) muscle :-  - ste

 URINARY BLADDER :- introduction :-  -it is a muscular reservoir of urine present in the true pelvic behind pubic symphysis. -it lies between pubic symphysis and rectum in male and between pubic symphysis and uterus in female . -full bladder comes in abdomen above the pubic symphysis . location and shape :-  -the urinary bladder is situated in the anterior part of the behind the pelvic immediately behind the pubic symphysis and in front of rectum in male uterus in the female . shape :- -it is pear shaped structure having thick muscular wall linked by transitional epithelium that allow expansion.                                                               capacity :- -normally in adult male the capacity various from 120 to 320 ml . - the mean capacity is about 220 ml . relations bladder   :- 1) superior surface :- - peritoneal cavity  -coils of ileum  -sig moid colon  -uterine cervix in female  2) Anterior surface :- -retropubic space  -puboprostatic ligaments  ligament :- 1) lateral

NOTES NURSING & MEDICAL STUDENTS Notes for medical student and nursing student   Lung :-  introduction :- - lungs are a pair of respiratory organs situated in the thoracic cavity . -the each lung innervates the corresponding pleural cavity . - the lung young are brown or grey in color. - they becomes mottled black because of the depositions of inhaled carbon particles .                             relations of  anterior part  :- ! Right side  :- 1) right atrium  2) small part of RV  3)SVC  4)right brachiocephalic  5) right vagus nerve  6) right phrenic nerve  7) trachea  !Left side :-   1) left ventricle  2)pulmonary trunk  3) arch of aorta  4) descending thoracic aorta  5) left vagus nerve  6)left recurrent  7)laryngeal nerve  Gross anatomy of lung :- - there are a pair of lung in the thoracic cavity . -there are 3 lobes in the right lung and 2 lobes  in on left lung . -there are two fissures in right lung , oblique and horizontal fissures . -left lung has only one oblique fissure

NOTES NURSING & MEDICAL STUDENTS Notes for medical student and nursing student   kedneys  :- introduction :- -the kidney are reddish organ shaped like kidney beans shaped . -the are located in thea above the betwwen the peritoneum wall of the abdomen . - since their position is behind the peritoneum of the abdomen cavity they are said retroperitoneal. -the paired kidney are on either side of vertebral column below diaphragm. -urine flows from kidney into ureters which empty into bladder.                                                                                                relations of kidneys :- superiorly :- right adrenal gland. anteriorly :- right lobe of liver , second part of the duodenum. posteriorly :- posterior abdominal wall muscles .    Part of the kidney:-  1) Renal cortex :- outer regions most of nephron structure . 2) renal medulla :- inside the cortex contains inner  collecting ducts . 3) renal pelvic -basin :- continuous with ureter .s  4) renal co

  NOTES NURSING & MEDICAL STUDENTS Notes for medical student and nursing student HEART  :-  Introduction :-  -the heart is a hollow muscular organ that is pyramidal in shape. -it lies within the pericardium in the middle mediastinum . - it is connected at its base to the the great blood vessels. -the heart located in  thorax betwwen 2 lungs . structure of heart  :-  - the heart is divided into the left and right side by partitions called septa (singular septum). -the interatrial septum separates the two upper chambers ,called atria . - the interventricular septum separates the two lower chambers ,called venticle.                                                  Relations of heart :- - superioly :- the aorta ,superior vena cava ,p artery and pulmonary vein. - inferioly - the diaphragm. - anterioly -the ribs and intercostal muscles . - posterioly - the esophagus ,trachea ,left and right brochus, descending aorta ,inferior vena cava and thoracic vertrbrae  - laterioly :- the lun

  NOTES NURSING & MEDICAL STUDENTS Notes for medical student and nursing student Liver :- introduction ;- -liver is largest organ of abdominal organ. -the liver is a huge glondular organ belonging to the GI system. -it is largest gland in the body  -receives blood 25% of cardiac output. -in the late fetus in which it also serves as a hematopoietic organ. anatomic and nonanatomic factors :-    1) anatomic --     -inferior vena cava      -suprahepatic veins      -several ligaments such as the round ligament and coronary ligament.     -peritoneal folds        2) non-anatomic :-     -positive intraabdominal pressure                                                                                              lobes of the liver:- -functonally,the liver is divided into two lobes. 1) left lobe - 2) right lobe-   -this is by plane that passes through the gallblader fossa for the IVC cantlic's line 1)left lobe:- -the functional left lobe inclide the crudate lobe ,quadrate lobe , -the i

    NOTES NURSING & MEDICAL STUDENTS Notes for medical studentand nursing student                             stomach introduction:: - The stomach is the dilated portion of the alimentary canal . -it is situated in the upper part of the abdomen. -the extending from beneath the left costal margin rigion into the epigastric and umblical regions. -much of the stomach lies under cover of the lower  ribs . -the stomach relatively fixed at both ends but is very mobile in between. structure  of the  stomach :- - the stomach is J shaped organ  -two opening the stomach ,cardiac and pyloric orifices. -two curvatures,the greater and lesser curvatures . -two surfaces ,anterior and posterior surfaces .     Relations of the stomach:      1) anterior relations :-      - anterior abdominal        -left costal margin        -left pleura and lung       -diaphragm       -left lobe of the liver     2)posterior relations :-     - lesser sac       -diaphragm      -spleen      -left suprarenal gland