Notes Nursing & Medical students

  MEDIASTINUM :-   introduction :- - it is a fibrous midline partition b/w two lungs and pleural cavities . -it contains heart , blood vessels , nerve and trachea  .                                                                                            Boundaries  :- Anterior - sternum Posterior - T 5 to T 12 vertebrae  superior - inlet of thorax bounded by 1 st ribs . medial - manubrium & T1 vertebra  Inferior - Diaphragm m kilo 0n Lateral - mediastinal pleura  Subdivision of mediastinum :- -mediastinum is divided into superior and inferior by a imaginary line passing through sternal angle and 14 vertebra . inferior mediastinum is subdivided into anterior middle a posterior part by heart with pericardium . 1) superior...

 URINARY BLADDER :- introduction :-  -it is a muscular reservoir of urine present in the true pelvic behind pubic symphysis. -it lies between pubic symphysis and rectum in male and between pubic symphysis and uterus in female . -full bladder comes in abdomen above the pubic symphysis . location and shape :-  -the urinary bladder is situated in the anterior part of the behind the pelvic immediately behind the pubic symphysis and in front of rectum in male uterus in the female . shape :- -it is pear shaped structure having thick muscular wall linked by transitional epithelium that allow expansion.                                                               capacity :- -normally in adult male the capacity various from 120 to 320 ml . - the mean capacity is about 220 ml . relations bladder   :- 1) superior surfa...

NOTES NURSING & MEDICAL STUDENTS Notes for medical student and nursing student   Lung :-  introduction :- - lungs are a pair of respiratory organs situated in the thoracic cavity . -the each lung innervates the corresponding pleural cavity . - the lung young are brown or grey in color. - they becomes mottled black because of the depositions of inhaled carbon particles .                             relations of  anterior part  :- ! Right side  :- 1) right atrium  2) small part of RV  3)SVC  4)right brachiocephalic  5) right vagus nerve  6) right phrenic nerve  7) trachea  !Left side :-   1) left ventricle  2)pulmonary trunk  3) arch of aorta  4) descending thoracic aorta  5) left vagus nerve  6)left recurrent  7)laryngeal nerve  Gross anatomy of lung :- - there are a pair of lung in the thoracic cavity . -there ...

NOTES NURSING & MEDICAL STUDENTS Notes for medical student and nursing student   kedneys  :- introduction :- -the kidney are reddish organ shaped like kidney beans shaped . -the are located in thea above the betwwen the peritoneum wall of the abdomen . - since their position is behind the peritoneum of the abdomen cavity they are said retroperitoneal. -the paired kidney are on either side of vertebral column below diaphragm. -urine flows from kidney into ureters which empty into bladder.                                                                                                relations of kidneys :- superiorly :- right adrenal gland. anteriorly :- right lobe of liver , second part of the duodenum. posteriorly :- posterior abdomi...

  NOTES NURSING & MEDICAL STUDENTS Notes for medical student and nursing student HEART  :-  Introduction :-  -the heart is a hollow muscular organ that is pyramidal in shape. -it lies within the pericardium in the middle mediastinum . - it is connected at its base to the the great blood vessels. -the heart located in  thorax betwwen 2 lungs . structure of heart  :-  - the heart is divided into the left and right side by partitions called septa (singular septum). -the interatrial septum separates the two upper chambers ,called atria . - the interventricular septum separates the two lower chambers ,called venticle.                                                  Relations of heart :- - superioly :- the aorta ,superior vena cava ,p artery and pulmonary vein. - inferioly - the diaphragm. - anterioly -the ribs and intercostal...

  NOTES NURSING & MEDICAL STUDENTS Notes for medical student and nursing student Liver :- introduction ;- -liver is largest organ of abdominal organ. -the liver is a huge glondular organ belonging to the GI system. -it is largest gland in the body  -receives blood 25% of cardiac output. -in the late fetus in which it also serves as a hematopoietic organ. anatomic and nonanatomic factors :-    1) anatomic --     -inferior vena cava      -suprahepatic veins      -several ligaments such as the round ligament and coronary ligament.     -peritoneal folds        2) non-anatomic :-     -positive intraabdominal pressure                                                                             ...

    NOTES NURSING & MEDICAL STUDENTS Notes for medical studentand nursing student                             stomach introduction:: - The stomach is the dilated portion of the alimentary canal . -it is situated in the upper part of the abdomen. -the extending from beneath the left costal margin rigion into the epigastric and umblical regions. -much of the stomach lies under cover of the lower  ribs . -the stomach relatively fixed at both ends but is very mobile in between. structure  of the  stomach :- - the stomach is J shaped organ  -two opening the stomach ,cardiac and pyloric orifices. -two curvatures,the greater and lesser curvatures . -two surfaces ,anterior and posterior surfaces .     Relations of the stomach:      1) anterior relations :-      - anterior abdominal        -left costal margin     ...